Plans to Lay Off Workers Essay Example

Plans to Lay Off Workers Essay Example Plans to Lay Off Workers Paper Plans to Lay Off Workers Paper Special Feature: Chapter Opener: Caterpillar Announces Plans to Lay Off Workers 2) The economy has gone into a recession. You have majored in computer science and, because of the recession, have difficulty in finding a job. Should you go back to school and get a second major? A) Yes, the recession will ensure that you will never find a job as programmer _ B) Yes, the recession will lower income in my field permanently. C) No, the recession will most likely be short-lived and I can get a job after it is over. D) No, the recession will have no impact on my ability to get a job or my future income. Answer: C Dif:2 Page Ref: eggnog Topic: How Long Are People Typically Unemployed? Learning Outcome: Macro-14 Identify different types and measures Of Special Feature: Economics in Your Life: Should You Change Your Career Plans if You Graduate During a Recession? 3) The unemployment rate is an important economic statistic that can tell us about the health of the economy. If the unemployment rate turns out to be high or higher than anticipated, we would expect A) it is more likely that an incumbent president will be re-elected. B) that stock prices are more likely to C) that jobs are less difficult to find. D) that investors will be more optimistic about the economy. Answer: B Dirt: 1 Page Ret: 630/264 Topic: The Unemployment Rate Recurring Learning Outcome: Macro-14 Identify different types and measures of 4) The Bureau of Labor Statistics would categorize a person as if they were temporarily away from their job because they ever ill. A) employed B) unemployed C) a discouraged worker D) out Of the labor force Dif:l Page Ref: 630/264 Topic: The Household Survey * Recurring Learning Outcome: Macro-14: Identity different types and measures of 5) The Bureau of Labor Statistics would categorize a retiree who is not working as A) employed, B) unemployed. C) a discouraged worker. D) out of the labor force. Answer: D Differ Page Ref: 630/264 6) The labor force equals the number of people A) employed. C) employed plus unemployed. D) in the working-age population. Answer: C 7) Suppose that homemakers are included as employed in the labor force statistics, rather than being counted as out of the labor force. This would A) increase the measured unemployment rate, B) increase the measured labor force participation rate. C) decrease the number of persons in the labor force, D) decrease the number of persons in the working-age population. Answer: B Dif:3 Page kef: 632-633/266-267 Topic: Labor Force Participation Special Feature: Solved Problem. What Happens if You Include the Military? 8) Suppose the working-age population Of a fictional economy falls into the following categories: 90 are retired or homemakers; 60 have full-time employment: 20 have part-time employment; 20 do not hue employment, but are actively looking for employment; and 10 would like employment but do not have employment and are not actively looking for employment. The Official unemployment rate as calculated by the U. S. Bureau of Laborious equal A) (20/60) x 100. B) (20/80) 100. C) (30/80) x 100. D) (20/100) 100. Dif:2 Page Ret 631/265 9) Suppose the labor force stays constant, and the working-age population stays constant, but a greater number of persons who were unemployed become employed. The labor force participation rate will A) increase. B) decrease. C) remain constant. D) not change in a way that can be predicted. Dif:2 Page Ref: 631/265 10) The unemployment rate equals the number of unemployed divided by the , all times 100. A) number of employed B) labor force C) working-age population D) total population Answer: B Dirt: 1 Page Ref: 631/265 1) Suppose the government launches a successful advertising campaign that convinces workers with high school degrees to quit their jobs and become full time college students. This would cause A) the unemployment rate to decrease. B) the labor force participation rate to decrease. C) the number of discouraged workers to increase. D) no change in the unemployment rate. Dif:3 Page Ref: 631/265 12) Someone who is available for work but has not actively looked for work in the previous four weeks would be classified as A) employed. B) unemployed, C) not in the labor force. D) not in the working-age population, page Ret 630/264 3) The labor force participation rate equals the A) (number of employed divided by the labor force) x 100. B) (labor force divided by the number of people not in the labor force) x 100. C) (labor force divided by working-age population) x 100. D) (labor force divided by the total population) x 100. Dif:l Page Ref: 631/265 14) Fifth 81_S counted persons that are on active military service in the totals for employment, the labor force, or the working-age population, this would A) decrease the measured unemployment rate. B) decrease the measured labor force participation rate. C) decrease the number to persons in the labor force. D) decrease the number of persons in the working-age population. Answer: A Dif:2 Page Ref: 632-633/266-267 Special Feature: Solved Problem: What Happens if You Include the Military? IS) Which of the following labor market statistics best indicates the amount of labor that is available to the economy from a given working-age population? A) unemployment rate B) discouraged-worker ratio C) labor force participation rate D) the ratio of minimum wage to inflation *: Recurring Learning Outcome: Macro. 14: Identify different types and measures of 16) Which of the following cause the unemployment rate as measured by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to understate the true extent of joblessness? A) inflation B) discouraged workers C) people employed in the underground economy D) unemployed persons falsely report themselves to be actively looking for a job Dif:2 page Ret 633-634/267-268 Topic: Problems with Measuring the Unemployment Rate _ Recurring 1 7) Which Of the following cause the unemployment rate as measured by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to overstate the true extent of joblessness? A) inflation C) counting people as employed who are working part time, although they would prefer to be working full time D) unemployed persons falsely report themselves o be actively looking for a job Answer: D Dif:2 Page Ref: 633-634/267-268 18) Which of the following explains the changes in the LIST. Adult male labor force participation rate since 1948? A) More men are joining the military as compared to the past. B) More men are retiring later in elite as compared to the past. C) Fewer men consider themselves discouraged workers as compared to the past, D) Younger men are remaining in school longer as compared to the past Answer: Dif:l Page Ref: 634/268 Topic: Labor Force Participation unemployment and discuss its causes I g) After the recession of 2007-2009, the unemployment rate peaked at 10. Percent in October 2009. Eighteen months later, it had A) dropped by SO percent. B) declined by only 1 percentage point. C) remained at 10. 1 percent. D) fallen to the natural rate of unemployment.

Passing Down Acquired Traits

Passing Down Acquired Traits An acquired trait is defined as a characteristic or trait that produces a phenotype that is a result of environmental influence. Acquired traits are not coded in the DNA of an individual and therefore most scientists believe they cannot be passed down to offspring during reproduction. In order for a characteristic or trait to be passed down to the next generation, it must be part of the individuals genotype. That is, its in their DNA. Darwin, Lamarck and Acquired Traits Jean-Baptiste Lamarck incorrectly hypothesized that acquired traits could indeed be passed down from parent to offspring and therefore make the offspring more suited to their environment or stronger in some way. ​ Charles Darwin originally adopted this idea in his first publication of his Theory of Evolution through Natural Selection, but later took this out once there was more evidence to show acquired traits were not passed down from generation to generation. Examples of Acquired Traits An example of an acquired trait would be an offspring born to a bodybuilder that had extremely large muscles. Lamarck thought that the offspring would automatically be born with larger muscles like the parent. However, since the larger muscles were an acquired trait through years of training and environmental influences, the large muscles were not passed down to the offspring. Genetic Traits Genetics, the study of genes, explains how traits like eye color and some genetic conditions can be passed on from one generation to the next. Parents pass traits to their young through gene transmission.  Genes, which are located on  chromosomes  and consist of  DNA, contain specific instructions for  protein  synthesis. Some conditions, like hemophilia, are contained in a chromosome and are passed on to offspring. But thats not to say all illnesses will be passed down; for instance, if you develop cavities in your teeth, thats not a condition youd pass down to your kids. New Research on Traits and Evolution Some recent scientific research, however, suggests that Lamarck may not have been entirely wrong. Scientists at the Columbia University Medical Center found that roundworms that developed resistance to a particular virus passed on that immunity to their offspring, and for several generations. Other research has found that mothers may pass on acquired traits as well. During World War II, the Dutch suffered a devastating famine. Women who gave birth during this period had babies who were more susceptible to metabolic disorders such as obesity. Those childrens children were likely to suffer from these conditions as well, research showed. So while the bulk of the evidence suggests that acquired traits like muscles and obesity arent genetic, and cant be passed on to offspring, there are some cases where this principle has been disproven.

Biological psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Biological psychology - Essay Example Biological psychology also looks at genetics and their influence on the chances of a person getting a disease. For example, theories on phobias look at heritability. It is believed that phobias run in families, and that if someone has this specific phobia there is a 64% chance a first degree relative will also have it. Examples of this are phobias of blood, injury and injection (Biopsychology, 2006). Studying monozygotic/MZ (identical) and dizygotic/DZ (un-identical) twins is also a method used by biological psychologists. With MZ twins, if one twin has a disorder, there is the likelihood that the other has it than DZ twins. This is explained as the MZ twins sharing 100% of their genes with DZ twins sharing only 50%. Adoption studies are also of interest to biological psychology. They help to rule out environmental factors, since these children have a genetical link to the disorder, but reared in an environment free from the contended disorder. In a way, this facilitates setting aside nature influences from nurture influences on the development of psychological disorders. Biological psychology is also interested in neurotransmitters, particularly on whether a specific neurotransmitter in some large or small amounts has an effect on a disorder. Depression, for example, is associated with low levels of norepinephrine and serotonin, a link established by studies looking at what drugs have curative effect on depression (Biopsychology, 2006). The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a diffusion barrier, which impedes entry of most compounds from blood to brain (Ballabh, Braun, & Nedergaard, 2004). Its general properties are such that large molecules do not pass through the BBB easily. Low lipid (fat) soluble molecules do not penetrate into the brain, and molecules that have a high electrical charge are slowed. The BBB is semi-permeable such that it allows some materials to cross, but prevents others from

Gendering the Mythic World Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Gendering the Mythic World - Term Paper Example They also include false beliefs that certain societies use in order to give justifications to certain social institutions. Additionally they could be some sort of invented stories or ideas and concepts since they are about imaginary things or fictitious events and persons. Gendering on the other hand can be understood as socially defining certain sets of norms that are behavior related within certain cultures and are considered appropriate to a given sex. They include attitudes, personality traits, and actions related to particular sex in a society. Therefore gender differs in behavior and personality in accordance to the societal and cultural factors. Gendering myths is therefore deciding the gender roles of the characters depicted in the mythical tales based on the society and culture that the myth seeks to explain. This paper therefore seeks to discuss how: the mythic world has defined roles for men and women based on how the given societies and cultures deemed appropriate. The mythic world has defined roles for men and women based on how the given societies and cultures deemed appropriate. (Ferranti, 17 -21) outlines: in the ancient Greek women are depicted by many of the mythical stories as having strong feminine power which were mysterious and un-understood by men. Women gave life to people in this ancient age when the mystery of birth was just beyond man’s conception. The process of fertility, conception and birth were barely understood by the society. Consequently, males are depicted to so anxious about this mysterious feminine power to give life. Thus women were meant to raise and guard children. The roles that women played in the mythic stories are depicted as ladies of marriage and guardians of children, they thus were expected to give birth, raise and guard children. Similarly the myth of ancient Egyptian goddess, Isis talks of the same role that women played in giving life from what was in existent as will be

The Relationship Between Exchange Rates Essay Example for Free

The Relationship Between Exchange Rates Essay The relationship between exchange rates, interest rates †¢ In this lecture we will learn how exchange rates accommodate equilibrium in ï ¬ nancial markets. For this purpose we examine the relationship between interest rates and exchange rates. Interest rates are the return to holding interest-bearing ï ¬ nancial assets. In the previous lecture we have pointed out that as being a ï ¬ nancial asset exchange rates tend to adjust more quickly to new information that goods prices. Like exchange rates, interest rates are also the prices of ï ¬ nancial assets and hence adjust quickly to new information. †¢ The proï ¬ t-seeking arbitrage activity will bring about an interest parity relationship between interest rates of two countries and exchange rate between these countries. †¢ A U.S. investor deciding between investing say in New York and in Tokyo must consider several things: – the interest rate in the U.S., i$ , (interest rate in aU.S ¿ dollar denominated bond, or rate of return in a U.S. dollar denominated US stock etc), interest rate in Japan (iY ; – the spot exchange rate, S; and – the future exchange rate for maturity date, forward rate, F . †¢ If the investor did not lock in a future exchange rate now, the unknown future spot exchange rate would make the investment risky. The investor can eliminate the uncertainty over the future dollar value of the investment by covering the investment with a forward exchange contract. †¢ If the investor covers the investment with a forward contract the arbitrage between two investment opportunities results in a covered interest parity (CIP) condition: (1 + i$ ) = (1 + iY ) 1 F S (1) which may be rewritten as (1 + i$ ) F = (1 + iY ) S (2) †¢ The interest rate parity equation can be approximated for small interest rates by: i$ − iY = F −S S (3) †¢ This later equation says that interest diï ¬â‚¬erential between a US denominated investment instrument and a Yen denominated investment instrument is equal to the forward premium or discount on the Yen. †¢ Example: i$ = 5%, iY = 3%. Suppose S = 0.0068 dollars per Yen. What should be the 90-day forward rate? 0.05 − 0.03 = F − 0.0068 0.0068 F = 0.0068 + 0.02 âˆâ€" 0.0068 = 0.00694 Thus we expect that a 90-day forward rate of $0.00694 to give a 90-day forward premium equal to the 0.02 interest diï ¬â‚¬erential. †¢ If the forward exchange rates were not consistent with the respective interest rates, then arbitrageurs could proï ¬ t by immediately changing currency in the spot market, investing it and locking in the proï ¬ table forward exchange rate. These actions in the market would increase the spot rate and lower the forward rate, bringing the forward premium into line with the interest diï ¬â‚¬erential. †¢ Suppose the actual 90-day forward rate is not 0.00694 dollars per yen but 0.0071 dollars per yen. Then proï ¬ t-seeking arbitrageurs could buy Yen spot, then invest and sell the Yen forward for dollars, since the forward price of Yen is higher than that implied by the covered interest parity relation. These actions will tend to increase spot rate and lower the forward rate, thereby bringing the forward premium back in line with the interest diï ¬â‚¬erential. 2 †¢ The interest rate parity condition (CIP) can be used to compute eï ¬â‚¬ective return on a foreign investment. Re-write (3) as: i$ = i Y + F −S S (4) This latter equation says that the return on a US dollar denominated asset (US dollar interest rate) is given by the Japanese interest rate plus the forward premium or discount on Yen. If CIP holds then equation (4) will hold as well. †¢ What happens when an investor does not use the forward market? Then we can not expect eï ¬â‚¬ective return on US dollar denominated asset be given by (4) as the investor in question will not be able to get the premium on Yen (or lose the discount). In this case, we say investor has an uncovered investment. The eï ¬â‚¬ective return then will be determined by the Japanese interest rate plus the change in the spot exchange rate between today and say 90 days from now. Letting it be the domestic interest rate on a domestic currency denominated asset, say US Dollar, between date t and t + 1, and similarly iâˆâ€" stands for foreign interest rate, t the eï ¬â‚¬ective return on a domestic currency denominated ï ¬ nancial asset will be given by: â ˆâ€" it = it + ∆St+1 (5) Which in our example will be i$ = iY + ∆S without time subscript. †¢ Suppose in the example we have been considering so far, the US investor did not use the forward market. After 90 days when the investor go to change Yen back to dollars, she ï ¬ nds that the Yen has appreciated against US dollar say by 1 percent. This means that your Yen buys 1 percent more dollars than they did before. This means that eï ¬â‚¬ective return on Yen investment then will be given by iY + ∆S = 0.03 + 0.01 = 0.04. 3 Hence, the return on a foreign investment plus the expected change in the exchange rate (in the value of Yen) is our expected return on a Yen investment. †¢ If the forward exchange rate is equal to expected future spot rate (Mathematically this means that E [St+1 | given all the available information] = Ft ) then the forward premium/discount is also equal to the expected change in the exchange rate. In this case we say that uncovered interest parity, (UIP) holds. †¢ More formally UIP condition says that the expected change in spot exchange rate is equal to interest diï ¬â‚¬erential. E(St+1) − St = i t − iâˆâ€" t St (6) where for E denotes the expectation operator. At this level you don’t need to worry about what this operator means, you can simply think ESt+1 denoting the expected future value of spot rate. †¢ As above analysis indicate forward exchange rates incorporate expectations about the future spot exchange rates. If the forward exchange rate is equal to the expected future spot rate, then the forward premium is also the expected change in the exchange rate. In this case, UIP is said to hold. †¢ Empirical studies indicate that there are small deviations from CIP. These deviations are possible due to presence of transactions cost, diï ¬â‚¬erential taxation across countries on the returns from investing in ï ¬ nancial markets, government control, and political risk involved in investing in diï ¬â‚¬erent countries. However, these deviations are small enough to assume that CIP holds true almost exactly in the real world data. Therefore, we can say that proï ¬ t-seeking arbitrage activities eliminate proï ¬ t opportunities in the exchange rate markets. Hence, CIP condition can be viewed an equilibrium condition that characterizes the relationship between spot exchange rate, forward rate and interest rates of two countries. 4 †¢ The problem arise in showing if the UIP holds or not in the data. Extensive studies have shown that UIP does not hold in the data especially for the industrialized countries. This means that percentage change in expected future spot rate is not equal to interest diï ¬â‚¬erential. Or, forward rate is not equal to expected future spot rate. Mathematically, this implies that there are deviations from UIP condition stated in (6) above. That is, it − iâˆâ€" − t ESt+1 − St =0 St This means that eï ¬â‚¬ective return diï ¬â‚¬erential is not equal to zero. There are several explanations given in the literature. – there should be proï ¬ t opportunities in the exchange rate market that are being exploited by the investors. That may be possible if the inside trading type of activities are possible and used extensively. In other words, there are informational asymmetries in the market, some investors have more information than others and they make positive proï ¬ ts. Although, this may explain part of the puzzle especially in the very short run, it is hard to believe that these informational asymmetries persist for a long time, especially in ï ¬ nancial markets where information ï ¬â€šow is very rapid and exchange rates adjust rapidly to new information. – It is possible to think that investors are systematically making mistakes in predicting the future value of spot exchange rate. That is, Ft = ESt+1 for a prolonged period of time. This means that forward rate is a biased predictor of future spot rate. Here biased means that it does not correctly predicts the future value of spot exchange rate on average. In other words, an unbiased predictor means that it predicts on average correctly the future value of a price, say exchange rate, so that over the long run the forward rate is just as likely to overpredict the future spot rate as it is to underpredict. Unbiased predictor does not mean that forward rate is a good predictor. What it 5 means is that forward rate is just as likely to guess too high as it is too low future spot rates. There is some evidence that indicates that investors in foreign exchange rate market make systematic mistakes in predicting the future value of spot exchange rate and hence causing systematic deviations from UIP. It may be possible to think scenarios where investors make mistakes in their forecast of future values of asset prices, but the magnitude of these mistakes shouldn’t be that large to account the large deviations we observe in UIP. That is, it is hard to understand why especially over longer time periods investors make big mistakes in a systematic fashion. Over time at least we should expect these errors to shrink a level where deviations from UIP become smaller. – Another explanation is that there should be a premium to take a risk by not covering the investment. This idea is based on the behavior of investors in taking risk. The eï ¬â‚¬ective return diï ¬â‚¬erential between two countries should be dependent on the perceived risk on each asset and the risk aversion of the investors. The risk aversion refers to the tendency of investors to prefer less risk. In terms of investments two investors may agree on the degree of risk associated with two assets, but the more risk-averse investor would require a higher interest rate on the more risky asset to induce her to hold it then the less risky-averse investor would. In ï ¬ nance, by risk we mean the variability of return from any given investment. This is because the more variable the return from an investment is, the less certain we can be about its future value. If investors diï ¬â‚¬er in their risk taking behavior we may observe that deviations from UIP and hence, changes in risk and risk aversion are associated with changes in eï ¬â‚¬ective return diï ¬â‚¬erential (that is interest diï ¬â‚¬erential). That is, it − iâˆâ€" − t ESt+1 â ˆ’ St = f (risk,riskaversion) St 6 The left hand side of this equation is the eï ¬â‚¬ective return diï ¬â‚¬erential (or deviations from UIP). The right hand side can be viewed as the risk premium. âˆâ€" – Since CIP conditionit − it = Ft −St Stholds almost exactly, subtracting ex-pected change in exchange rate from both sides: âˆâ€" it − it − Ft − St ESt+1 − St ESt+1 − St = − St St St Ft − ESt+1 ESt+1 − St = St St (7) or it − iâˆâ€" − t (8) Thus, we ï ¬ nd that the eï ¬â‚¬ective return diï ¬â‚¬erential (or deviations from UIP) is equal to the percentage diï ¬â‚¬erence between forward and expected future spot exchange rate. The right hand side of (7) is usually considered to be a measure of risk premium in the forward exchange rate market. If eï ¬â‚¬ective return diï ¬â‚¬erential is zero, then risk premium will be zero. If it is positive, then there is a positive risk premium on the domestic currency, because the expected future spot price of foreign currency is less than the prevailing forward rate. In other words, traders are oï ¬â‚¬ering to sell foreign currency for domestic currency in the future will receive a premium, in that foreign currency is expected to depreciate (relative to domestic currency) by an amount greater than the current forward rates. Conversely, traders wishing to buy foreign currency for delivery next period will pay a premium to the future sellers to ensure a set future price. The relationship between interest rates and inï ¬â€šation †¢ The real interest rate reï ¬â€šects the nominal interest rate with an adjustment for inï ¬â€šation. In other words, real interest rate is the nominal interest rate adjusted for inï ¬â€šation. †¢ Generally, the nominal interest rate will tend to incorporate inï ¬â€šation expectations. The relationship between interest rates and inï ¬â€šation is given by the Fisher equation: i=r+Ï€ (9) where i is the nominal interest rate, r is the real interest rate and Ï€ is the expected inï ¬â€šation rate. An increase in Ï€ will tend to increase the nominal interest rate. †¢ If the real rate of interest is the same across countries, then the Fisher can be combined with CIP equation: i$ − iY = Ï€U S − Ï€J = F −S S (10) This latter equation says that if real interest rates are the same internationally, then nominal interest rate diï ¬â‚¬erential diï ¬â‚¬er solely by diï ¬â‚¬erences in expected inï ¬â€šation. †¢ Note that relative exchange rate is given by the inï ¬â€šation diï ¬â‚¬erential and assuming that PPP, Fisher equation, and interest rate diï ¬â‚¬erential hold then real interest rates are equalized across countries. The expected exchange rates and the interest rates †¢ The pattern of interest rates over diï ¬â‚¬erent time periods for diï ¬â‚¬erent investment opportunities is known as term structure of interest rates. There are several interest rates. Short run interest rates, long run interest rates, namely 1 month, 3-month, 6-months etc. There are several theories explaining the the structure of interest rates on diï ¬â‚¬erent investment opportunities over time. – Expectations: the long term interest rates tend to equal to the average of short-term rates expected over the holding period. The expected return that will be generated from holding a 10 year bond should be on average be the the sum of holding a series of short term bonds, say 30-day bond rates. – Liquidity premium: Long term investment instruments must incorporate a risk premium since investors prefer short term investments. As the term of 8 holding an instrument rises, the interest rate on that instrument should rise as well. – Preferred Habitat: There exists separate markets for short and long term assets, with interest rates determined by conditions in each market. †¢ Under conditions of freely ï ¬â€šowing capital across countries, the term structures in diï ¬â‚¬erent currencies infer expected exchange rate changes, even if forward exchange markets for these currencies do not exist. †¢ If the term structure lines for two currencies are: – parallel, then exchange rate changes are expected to be constant; – diverging, then the high interest rate currency is expected to depreciate at an increasing rate over time; – converging, then the high-interest rate currency is expected to depreciate at a declining rate relative to the low-interest rate currency.

The Pro and Cons of Qualitative Data Analysis Software :: QDA Software

Today the use of technology has become embedded into our daily lives. Most of western civilization has access to a piece of technology at any given point of time. In recent years, technology has started to play a significant role in the area of research. Quantitative research was quickly adapted and aided by technology due to the use of number variables, but the same was not true for qualitative research. In recent years, qualitative research was revolutionized by Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) software. Although, QDA software has a great deal of positive aspect, there are drawbacks in the utilization. The use of QDA software can have a great impact on ones qualitative research. Because of the text base results of qualitative research it can be difficult for a researcher to break down or code the information and sort through all of his or her findings in a timely manner. QDA software allows for the researcher to code the text based data electronically which allow the data to be manipulated quickly. Dr. Vaishali Patel, and Dr. Anne Riley (2007) also found that QDA software increased the speed of their research and allowed for a more thorough examination of their research. Another advantage to using QDA software is the added ability to look at data analytically. QDA software is able to sort data into groups or queries which assists in looking a research data in different ways. In an article written by Seija Mahlamaki-Kultanen (2003), she finds that her students who used QDA software thought that the analytical data compiled by QDA software was more accessible than manipulating the da ta by hand. These findings further supports the positive impact that QDA software has on qualitative research. Although there are many positive aspects to using QDA software, there are some negative consequences or draw backs to using this type of software. QDA software can have some impact on the researchers experience. This phenomena could interfere with the results of the research. One draw back called tactile-digital divide, which means learning to work on a personal computer instead of paper, could make research more difficult for some (Gilbert, 2002). In a study conducted by Linda Gilbert (2002), she found that researchers had a difficult time making the transition from using paper. She also found that this phenomena usually occurs when an individual first make the transition to using QDA software, and that the symptoms seem to go away after some time has passed.

America Moves to the City Post-Civil War

In the decades post-Civil War, America moved to the city. The increase in population almost doubled especially with the rush of new immigrants. The drift towards the city didn’t only affect America, it affected the Western world. With new industrial jobs, immigrants and Americans had opportunities for jobs, having the United States flourish.I. The new look of cities; the urban frontier. A.1870 to 1900, the American population doubled, and the population in the cities tripled. B.Cities grew up and out, with such famed architects as Louis Sullivan working on and perfecting skyscrapers (first appearing in Chicago in 1885). 1. The city grew from a small compact one that people could walk through to get around to a huge metropolis that required commuting by electric trolleys. 2. Electricity, indoor plumbing, and telephones made city life more alluring. C.Department stores like Macy’s (in New York) and Marshall†¨Field’s (in Chicago) provided urban working-class jo bs and also†¨attracted urban middle-class shoppers. 1. Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie told of woman’s escapades in the city, made cities dazzling and attractive. 2. The move to city produced lots of trash, because while farmers always reused everything or fed â€Å"trash† to animals, city dwellers, with their mail-order houses like Sears and Montgomery Ward, which made things cheap and easy to buy, could simply throw away the things that they didn’t like anymore.D.Criminals flourished, and impure water, uncollected garbage, unwashed bodies, and droppings made cities smelly and unsanitary. 1. Worst of all were the slums, which were crammed with people. 2. So-called â€Å"dumbbell tenements† (which gave a bit of fresh air down their airshaft) were the worst since they were dark, cramped, and had little sanitation or ventilation. E.To escape, the wealthy of the city-dwellers fled to suburbs.II. Immigration happens all over the nation. A.Until t he 1880s, most of the immigrants had come from the British Isles and western Europe (Germany and Scandinavia) and were quite literate and accustomed to some type of representative government. This†¨was called the â€Å"Old Immigration.† But by the 1880s and 1890s, this shifted to the Baltic and Slavic people of southeastern Europe, who were basically the opposite, â€Å"New Immigration.†1. Southeastern Europeans accounted for 19% of immigrants to the U.S. in 1880, early 1900s, were over 60%!III. Southern Europeans make their way to America. A.Many Europeans came to America because there was no room in Europe, nor was there much employment, since industrialization had eliminated many jobs. 1. America often praised to Europeans, people boasted of eating everyday/having freedom, much opportunity. 2. Profit-seeking Americans also perhaps exaggerated the benefits of America to Europeans, so that they could get cheap labor and more money. B.Many immigrants to America st ayed for a short period of time and then returned to Europe, and even those that remained (including persecuted Jews) tried very hard to retain their own culture and customs.1. However, the children of the immigrants sometimes rejected this Old World culture and plunged completely into American life.IV. Americans react to the new immigrants in their country. A.Federal government did little to help immigrants assimilate into American society, so immigrants were often controlled by powerful â€Å"bosses† (such as New York’s Boss Tweed) who provided jobs and shelter in return for political support at the polls.B.People like Walter Rauschenbusch and Washington Gladden began preaching the â€Å"Social Gospel,† insisting that churches tackle the burning social issues of the day. C.Among the people who were deeply dedicated to uplifting the urban masses was Jane Addams, who founded Hull House in 1889 to teach children and adults the skills and knowledge that they would need to survive and succeed in America.1. She eventually won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931, but her pacifism was looked down upon by groups such as the Daughters of the American Revolution, who revoked her membership. 2. Other such settlement houses like Hull House included Lillian Wald’s Henry Street Settlement in New York, which opened its doors in 1893. 3. Settlement houses became centers for women’s activism and reform, as females such as Florence Kelley fought for protection of women workers and against child labor. 4. New cities gave women opportunities to earn money and support themselves better (mostly single women, since being both a working mother and wife was frowned upon).V. Narrowing the Welcome Mat A.The â€Å"nativism† and anti-foreignism of the 1840s and 1850s came back in the 1880s, as the Germans and western Europeans looked down upon the new Slavs and Baltics, fearing that a mixing of blood would ruin the fairer Anglo-Saxon races and create i nferior offspring.1. The â€Å"native† Americans blamed immigrants for the degradation of the urban government. These new bigots had forgotten how they had been scorned when they had arrived in America a few decades before.2. Trade unionists hated them for their willingness to work for super-low wages and for bringing in dangerous doctrines like socialism and communism into the U.S. B.Anti-foreign organizations like the American Protective Association (APA) arose to go against new immigrants, and labor leaders were quick to try to stop new immigration, immigrants were frequently used as strikebreakers.C.Finally, in 1882, Congress passed the first restrictive law against immigration, which banned paupers, criminals, and convicts from coming here. D.1885, another law was passed banning the importation of foreign workers under usually substandard contracts. E.Literacy tests for immigrants were proposed, but were resisted until they were finally passed in 1917, but the 1882 immig ration law also barred the Chinese from coming (the Chinese Exclusion Act).F.Anti-immigrant climate, the Statue of Liberty arrived from France—a gift from the French to America in 1886.VI. Churches Confront the Urban Challenge A.Since churches had mostly failed to take any stands and rally†¨against the urban poverty, plight, and suffering, many people began to†¨question the ambition of the churches, and began to worry that Satan†¨was winning the battle of good and evil.1. The emphasis on material gains worried many. B.A new generation of urban revivalists stepped in, including people like Dwight Lyman Moody, a man who proclaimed the gospel of kindness and forgiveness and adapted the old-time religion to the facts of city life.1.Moody Bible Institute was founded in Chicago in 1889 and continued working well after his 1899 death. C.Roman Catholic and Jewish faiths were also gaining many followers with the new immigration. 1. Cardinal Gibbons was popular with Roma n Catholics and Protestants, as he preached American unity. 2. 1890, Americans chose from 150 religions, including the Salvation Army, tried to help the poor. D.The Church of Christ, Scientist (Christian Science), founded by†¨Mary Baker Eddy, preached a perversion of Christianity that she claimed†¨healed sickness. 5.YMCA’s and YWCA’s also sprouted.VII. Darwin Disrupts the Churches A.1859, Charles Darwin published his On the Origin of Species, which set forth the new doctrine of evolution and attracted the ire and fury of fundamentalists. 1. â€Å"Modernists† took a step from the fundamentalists and refused to believe that the Bible was completely accurate and factual. They contended that the Bible was merely a collection of moral stories or guidelines, but not sacred scripture inspired by God.B.Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll was one who denounced creationism, as†¨he had been widely persuaded by the theory of evolution. Others blended†¨creationis m and evolution to invent their own interpretations.VIII. The Lust for Learning A.New trend began in the creation of more public schools and the provision of free textbooks funded by taxpayers. 1. By 1900, there were 6,000 high schools in America; kindergartens also multiplied. B.Catholic schools also grew in popularity and in number. C.To partially help adults who couldn’t go to school, the Chautauqua movement, a successor to the lyceums, was launched in 1874. It included public lectures to many people by famous writers and extensive at-home studies.D.Americans began to develop a faith in formal education as a solution to poverty.IX. Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People A.South, war-torn and poor, lagged far behind in education, especially for Blacks, so Booker T. Washington, an ex-slave came to help. He started by heading a black normal (teacher) and industrial school in Tuskegee, Alabama, and teaching the students useful skills and trades.1. Avoided Issue of social equality; he believed in Blacks helping themselves first before gaining more rights. B.One of Washington’s students was George Washington Carver, who later discovered hundreds of new uses for peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans. C.However, W.E.B. Du Bois, the first Black to get a Ph.D. from Harvard University, demanded complete equality for Blacks and action now. He also founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1910.1.DuBois’s differences with Washington reflected contrasting life experiences of southern and northern Blacks.X. The Hallowed Halls of Ivy A.Colleges/universities sprouted after the Civil War, and colleges for women, such as Vassar, were gaining ground. 1. Also, colleges for both genders grew, especially in the Midwest, and Black colleges also were established, such as Howard University in Washington D.C., Atlanta University, and Hampton Institute in Virginia.B.Morrill Act of 1862 had provided a generous gr ant of the public lands to the states for support of education and was extended by the Hatch Act of 1887, which provided federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in connection with the land-grant colleges.C.Private donations also went toward the establishment of colleges, including Cornell, Leland Stanford Junior, and the University of Chicago, which was funded by John D. Rockefeller. D.Johns Hopkins University maintained the nation’s first high-grade graduate school.XI. The March of the Mind A.Elective system of college was gaining popularity, took off after Dr. Charles W. Eliot became president of Harvard. B.Medical schools and science were prospering after the Civil War. 1. Discoveries by Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister (antiseptics) improved medical science and health. 2. The brilliant but sickly William James helped establish the discipline of behavioral psychology, with his books Principles of Psychology (1890), The Will to Believe (1897), and Varieties of Religious Experience (1902).a. His greatest work was Pragmatism (1907), which preached what he believed in: pragmatism (everything has a useful purpose). XII. The Appeal of the Press A.Libraries such as the Library of Congress also opened across America, bringing literature into people’s homes. B.With the invention of the Linotype in 1885, the press more than kept pace with demand, but competition sparked a new brand of journalism called â€Å"yellow journalism,† in which newspapers reported on wild and fantastic stories that often were false or quite exaggerated: sex, scandal, and other human-interest stories.C.2 Journalists emerged: Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) & William Randolph Hearst (San Francisco Examiner) Strengthening of the Associated Press, which had been established in the 1840s, helped to offset some of the questionable journalism.XIII. Apostles of Reform A.Magazines like Harper’s, the Atlantic Monthly, and Scribner’s Mo nthly partially satisfied the public appetite for†¨good reading, but perhaps the most influential of all was the New York Nation, launched in 1865 by Edwin L. Godkin, a merciless critic. These were all liberal, reform-minded publications.B.Another enduring journalist-author was Henry George, who wrote Progress and Poverty, which undertook to solve the association of poverty with progress. 1. It was he who came up with the idea of the graduated income tax—the more you make, the greater percent you pay in taxes. C.Edward Bellamy published Looking Backward in 1888, in which he criticized the social injustices of the day and pictured a utopian government that had nationalized big business serving the public good.XIV. Postwar Writing A.After the war, Americans devoured â€Å"dime-novels† which†¨depicted the wild West and other romantic and adventurous settings. 1. The king of dime novelists was Harland F. Halsey, who made 650 of these novels. 2. General Lewis Wall ace wrote Ben Hur: A Tale of the Christ, which combated the ideas and beliefs of Darwinism and reaffirmed the traditional Christian faith. B.Horatio Alger was more popular, since his rags-to-riches books told that virtue, honesty, and industry were rewarded by success, wealth, and honor. His most notable book was titled Ragged Dick.C.Walt Whitman was one of the old writers who still remained active, publishing revisions of Leaves of Grass. D.Emily Dickinson was a famed hermit of a poet whose poems were published after her death. E.Other lesser poets included Sidney Lanier, who was oppressed by poverty and ill health. XVI. The New Morality A.Victoria Woodhull proclaimed free love, and together with her sister, Tennessee Claflin, wrote Woodhull and Claflin’s Weekly, which shocked readers with exposà ©s of affairs, etc. B.Anthony Comstock waged a lifelong war on the â€Å"immoral.† C.The â€Å"new morality† reflected sexual freedom in the increase of birth control , divorces, and frank discussion of sexual topics.XVII. Families and Women in the City A.Urban life was stressful on families, who were often separated, and everyone had to work, even children. 1. While on farms, more children meant more people to harvest and help, in the cities, more children meant more mouths to feed and a greater chance of poverty. B.1898, Charlotte Perkins Gilman published Women and Economics, a classic of feminist literature, in which she called for women to abandon their dependent status and contribute to the larger life of the community through productive involvement in the economy.1. She also advocated day-care centers and centralized nurseries and kitchens. C.Feminists also rallied toward suffrage, forming the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1890, an organization led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton (who’d organized the first women’s rights convention in 1848 at Seneca Falls, NY) and Susan B. Anthony.D.By 1900, a new generation of wom en activists were present, led by Carrie Chapman Catt, who stressed the desirability of giving women the vote if they were to continue to discharge their traditional duties as homemakers in the increasingly public world of the city.1. The Wyoming Territory was the first to offer women unrestricted suffrage in 1869. 2. The General Federation of Women’s Clubs also encouraged women’s suffrage. E.Ida B. Wells rallied toward better treatment for Blacks as well and formed the National Association of Colored Women in 1896.XVIII. Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress A.Concern over the popularity (and dangers) of alcohol was also present, marked by the formation of the National Prohibition Party in 1869. 1. Other organizations like the Women’s Christian Temperance Union also rallied against alcohol, calling for a national prohibition of the beverage. a. Leaders included Frances E. Willard and Carrie A. Nation who literally wielded a hatchet and hacked up bars. 2. T he Anti-Saloon League was also formed in 1893. B.American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was formed in 1866 to discourage the mistreatment of livestock, and the American Red Cross, formed by Clara Barton, a Civil War nurse, was formed in 1881.

Rewarding and Punishment the Same Behavior Essay

What type of reinforcement schedule does random drug testing represent? Is this type of schedule typically effective or ineffective? Answer: The case study â€Å"Professional sports: Rewarding and punishment the same behavior† was about how in a baseball game steroids are being used and the offense which has been caused by it. The type of reinforcement schedule discuss in this case was the random drug testing which presents the fact that most of the times baseball players are not aware of the point that they are taking drugs. This is because they don’t take it intentially but given by their coaches to improve performance of the player in game. According to the case I agree with the decision of commissioner of the baseball. According to his decision, he gave a second chance to the players who did not know that their coaches were giving them drugs. Whereas, he declared a ten day suspension for the first time offenders from playing the game. But congress and the general public was not satisfied so the commissioner incorporated tougher rules to play in the game such as the â€Å"three strikes, and you are out† policy wherein the first time offenders were suspended from playing the game for 50 days, the second time offenders were suspended from playing the game for 100 days and the last one was a ban wherein the player cannot further play the game. Due to the usage of steroids the rules in the other games even became tougher. The NFL and the NBA also had to check their players if they were using drugs while playing the game. The coaches in the baseball game needs to be strict while choosing their best players to play the game. The coaches need to be strict with rules of the game and as well as the players to stop using the usage of steroids in the baseball game. A fine or a suspension is considered as a minor part whereas the ultimate decision to ban the player is the correct decision which is made by the commissioner of baseball. . Whereas to find whether its effective or not we can see that the type of reinforcement schedules that random drug testing represent is the variable interval type. As defined, this type of schedule occurs when a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed. In the case, the reinforcement schedule is done randomly and unexpected. It is typically effective because athletes not aware of the test and when these tests will be taken place. Therefore, athletes are unprepared. Unlike a fixed variable reinforcement schedule, athletes have a fixed time of when the tests will be scheduled so they can prepare and make sure their systems are clean before they take the test. . 2. What are some examples of behaviors in typical organizations that supervisors reward but may actually be detrimental to others or to the organization as a whole? As a manager, what might you do to try to avoid this quandary? . Answer: The main example of a behavior in a typical organization that supervisors reward but may actually be detrimental to others or to the organization as a whole is athletes taking steroids. When athletes take steroids to enhance their performance abilities, they are misleading their managers and their fans. Initially, it may be rewarding because everyone involved gains from the profitability, sports merchandise, increased popularity and success. But in the end, when it is discovered that the athlete achieved recognition with the aid of steroids he destroys his reputation and also his team’s and country’s reputation and the loyalty the fans had for him. If I was a manager, what I might do in order to avoid this quandary, if I was made aware of someone using steroids, I would do a random drug testing as soon as possible instead of having the whole team suffer for that one insubordinate athlete. . If you were the commissioner of baseball, what steps would you take to try to reduce the use of steroids in baseball? Is punishment likely to be the most effective deterrent? Why or why not? Answer: If I was the commissioner of baseball, there are several steps that I would take to try to reduce the use of steroids in baseball. First of all, I would reinforce to all the athletes tha t if someone is caught using steroids they will be thrown off the team. Second, I would continue to do random drug testing. Punishment is not likely to be the most effective deterrent. This will only cause athletes to stop playing and taking steroids for a certain period of time. In addition to it I would also have taken some steps as taken by the commissioner in this case. For the 1st time offender who didn’t know that they were being drugged by their coaches should be suspended for few games. In addition to that the coach must be strictly punished a huge sum of fine plus life time ban from the game. Whereas, for those who have offended it for the first time knowingly, must be suspended for a year plus a heavy amount fine should be imposed on them. And for those who have repeated it should be banned from baseball sport. The second part of the question was â€Å"Is punishment likely to be the most effective deterrent†? For me yes, punishment is the most effective deterrent. It is the competition that everyone loves. The feeling of winning makes many people do anything to achieve it. Even if this means one must cheat to win. Many players used and still use steroids to enhance their muscles so they are stronger during game play. There can be two ways of stopping the player not to use steroids, either by rewarding or by punishing. Rewarding in the sense, we can give incentives to players for not using them but the incentives of winning will be more attractive than these. Therefore one can punish the player if they use those incentives. A player cheats to win money, fans and fame. But if they are found to be using steroids, they will lose their fame and fans and should also be heavily fined. 4. Is it okay to allow potentially unethical behaviors, which on the surface may benefit organizations, to persist? Why or why not? Answer: No, unethical behaviors must not persist even if on the surface they may benefit organizations. For short term it may be beneficial but not in long run. Any unethical behaviors can directly affect the reputation of the organization. And in today’s world a good reputed organization is the most important part of organization building. People like to buy the service or product from a good reputed organization. It creates goodwill of the organization. For example, in context of the given case, organization can be the baseball team and unethical behavior can be the use of steroids by the players. This may help the team to build a strong impression and can help them to win many games as well. But the day general public will learn that the victory is not due to the hard work but rather than steroids, all of their impression will be on stake. They may lose their sponsors, fans and reputation. Same was the case happened with Pakistani cricket team. Few of the players of Pakistani cricket team player, Salman Butt, M. Amir and Asif, were involved in match fixing. They might have earned a lot from that but when it was exposed they were punished. They had to pay double amount of fine of what they earned. In addition to it now none of the companies will like to endorse just players who are involved in unethical activities. In addition to it they lost all their fans. Almost every Pakistani doesn’t like them because they created a bad impression of Pakistan in the global world. As well as destroyed the image of the Pakistani team nationally and internationally. Can you imagine cheating and excellence in the same sentence? What does known cheating and the Hall of Fame have in common? What does shameful and The Hall of Fame have in common? Does known cheating and excellence equal The Hall Of Fame? This debate doesn’t have two sides. There are no hairs to split. There are no counter arguments to argue. Cheating is not how to get ahead. Cheating isn’t even how to compete. Even if you’re never found out, It’s a setup for failure elsewhere in life. Anyone that has admitted or has been proven to have used performance enhancing drugs should never even be considered for the Hall Of Fame.

Free Essays on Civil War

The North responded to the attack on Fort Sumter with shock and anger. Everywhere people were determined to support the government in whatever measures it might take. On April 15, Lincoln issued a proclamation that called up a total of 75,000 militia from the states. At the same time, calls for troops were sent to the governors of all states that had remained in the Union. On April 19 a second proclamation announced that Southern ports would be blockaded. A third proclamation, dated May 3, called for 42,000 three-year volunteers for the regular army and for 18,000 volunteers to serve one to three years in the navy. The South responded with equal determination Virginia and the rest of the upper South seceded. The Congress of the Confederacy authorized President Davis to wage the war now beginning. The border slave states of Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware never seceded. However, many thousands of men in Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland volunteered for service in the Confederate armies. Both the North and South raised troops as quickly as possible and struggled with the problem of equipping and training them. The states recruited volunteers and organized them into regiments. Officers were elected by the men and commissioned by the governors. In the beginning the length of service was usually short, but as soon as it became clear that the war would not end with one decisive battle, three-year-enlistments became the rule, although there were many exceptions. In the North the first troops ready for service were sent to Washington, D.C., and to points along the Ohio River. Confederate troops were concentrated in Tennessee and in northern Virginia, where they could threaten the federal capital. The North responded to the attack on Fort Sumter with shock and anger. Everywhere people were determined to support the government in whatever measures it might take. On April 15, Lincoln issued a proclamation that called up a total of 75... Free Essays on Civil War Free Essays on Civil War The North responded to the attack on Fort Sumter with shock and anger. Everywhere people were determined to support the government in whatever measures it might take. On April 15, Lincoln issued a proclamation that called up a total of 75,000 militia from the states. At the same time, calls for troops were sent to the governors of all states that had remained in the Union. On April 19 a second proclamation announced that Southern ports would be blockaded. A third proclamation, dated May 3, called for 42,000 three-year volunteers for the regular army and for 18,000 volunteers to serve one to three years in the navy. The South responded with equal determination Virginia and the rest of the upper South seceded. The Congress of the Confederacy authorized President Davis to wage the war now beginning. The border slave states of Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware never seceded. However, many thousands of men in Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland volunteered for service in the Confederate armies. Both the North and South raised troops as quickly as possible and struggled with the problem of equipping and training them. The states recruited volunteers and organized them into regiments. Officers were elected by the men and commissioned by the governors. In the beginning the length of service was usually short, but as soon as it became clear that the war would not end with one decisive battle, three-year-enlistments became the rule, although there were many exceptions. In the North the first troops ready for service were sent to Washington, D.C., and to points along the Ohio River. Confederate troops were concentrated in Tennessee and in northern Virginia, where they could threaten the federal capital. The North responded to the attack on Fort Sumter with shock and anger. Everywhere people were determined to support the government in whatever measures it might take. On April 15, Lincoln issued a proclamation that called up a total of 75... Free Essays on Civil War The American Civil WarIn 1860, arguably the world's greatest nation was locked in Civil War. Thewar divided the country between the North (Union) and South (Confederate).The war lasted five years and by 1865 the Confederate forces were trulybeaten. Out of this horrendous war though, where some 600,000 men died grewa greater sense of nationalism than is today, unrivalled around the world.The American Civil War is interpreted differently by many historians butmost see the catalyst as slavery, the motivation as economic, the outcomewas a unified national identity.Slavery was a major issue that triggered the American Civil War. Slaverystarted out, as a few individual slaves coming from England that weregenerally white. This changed however, and soon the Southern slave tradersbegan 'stealing' blacks to take back to the South. The slaves were forcedto work 16-hour days, slave women were only seen as breeders and there wereno laws against the rape of a female slave. In 1860 slaves accounted forone third of the South's population and even still they had no rights (seeappendix one). The Unionist North many people believed it was immoral toown another human being. These people were called Abolitionists. The Southrelied strongly on the slave trade and when the North spoke of abolishingit, the South spoke of forming there own country, The Confederate states ofAmerica. The South began to see that the North was going to take actionagainst the South's inhumane slave policy. In early 1860, South Carolinaformed under a new flag, Confederate States of America flag, so that theycould continue to operate their slave trade. What followed was an ordinanceof succession which saw the other slave populated states also swear an oathto the Confederate States of America, also so that they could continuetheir slave trade. This situation was found to be unworkable and it dividedthe country in two. So in the words of Abraham Lincoln, 'A house divideagainst itself can... Free Essays on Civil War Introduction: The American Civil War was a war fought within the United States of America between the North (Union) and the South (Confederacy) starting from 1861 and ending in 1865. This war was one of the most destructive events in American history, costing more than 600,000 lives. It was thought to be one that helped shape the character of the American individual today. From the Southern point of view, this war was a War of Rebellion, or a War for Southern Independence. From the Northern point of view this war was seen as a revolution. This unfortunate war started as a result of many years of differences between the Union and the Confederacy. It erupted after many years of conflict building up between the two regions. Between the North and the South there lay deep economic, social and political differences, but it is important to understand that Slavery was the root of cause of these differences. II. Social Causes There were many factors that contributed to the onset of the Civil War. Socially , the North and the South were built on different standards. The South, or the Slave States, was a slave-based community that followed a class-based system. This system consisted of aristocracy. Causes: World War I was immediately precipitated by the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist in 1914. There were many factors that had led toward war. Prominent causes were the imperialistic, territorial, and economic rivalries that had been intensifying from the late 19th century, among Germany, France, Great Britain, Russia, and Austria-Hungary. Of equal importance was the rampant spirit of nationalism, especially unsettling in the empire of Austria-Hungary and perhaps also in France. Nationalism had brought the unification of Germany by â€Å"blood and iron,† and France, deprived of Alsace and Lorraine by the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, had been left with its own nationalistic cult s... Free Essays on Civil War Long before the Civil War the mis-education of Negroes began. Missionaries were sent south to teach freed slaves and schools began to form. Rather than help the Negroes develop they instead set out to transform them into what they wanted them to be, allowing them to learn what they wanted them to learn. Freed men who considered themselves well educated taught other freed men, but had no curriculum other than that made by whites for whites educating Negroes away from there history. Negroes were left out of all educational curriculum except to condemn them or portray them as savages. Whites were tough to hate Negroes and Negroes were taught to feel inferior to whites. Negroes were not allowed there rightful place in Science not telling students that ancient Africans knew sufficient science. Not telling them about how they made poisons for there arrow heads and mixed colors to create paint. They left out Negro inventors altogether often claming there inventions as there own. Negroes were never taught about what they brought over from Africa, there ideas or there influences. Nothing was taught about African language and in literature the Africans were never mentioned. Negro doctors were taught that they were carriers of germs such as syphilis and tuberculosis which began as a white man diseases, but because they had not developed a immunity to theses diseases yet in became wide spread among the Negro community . Negro lawyers were taught that they belonged to the most criminal element in the country. The Supreme Court permitted the judicial nullification of the 14th and 15th amendment. In history the Negro was portrayed as having no thought and nothing to contribute. Nothing was ever taught about how they were the first to domesticate sheep, cows and goats or how they were the first to introduce trial by jury. Negroes have been taught theses things for so long that they have become lost in the bias vie...

GRANT Surname Meaning and Origin

GRANT Surname Meaning and Origin The origins of the Grant surname are uncertain, but the following theories are the most widely accepted: A nickname from the Anglo-Norman French graund or  graunt, meaning tall, large- derived, in turn, from the  Latin grandis- bestowed due to the individuals size, or to distinguish two bearers of the same personal name, often different generations within the same family (e.g. grant denotes the elder or senior).Clan Grant says that tradition suggests that the name comes from Sliabh Grianais - the moor above Aviemore, believed to be the first land in Scotland occupied by the Grant progenitors. Grant may also be a spelling variant of the German surname Grandt or Grant Surname Origin: Scottish, English, French Alternate Surname Spellings: GRAUNT, GRAWNT, GRANTE   Where in the World is the GRANT Surname Found? According to Forebears, the Grant surname is most prevalent in the United States (used by over 156,000 people), but most common in Jamaica (where the surname ranks as 10th most common) and Scotland (ranked 29th). Grant is also common in Guyana (46th), New Zealand (49th), Canada (88th), Australia (92nd) and England (105th). Historical surname distribution data from Scotland identifies the areas where Grant was most common in 1881 as Moray, where it was the most used name, as well as Banffshire (2nd most common), Nairn (6th), Inverness-shire (9th) and West Lothian (10th). WorldNames PublicProfiler identifies the Grant surname as being especially popular in Donegal, Ireland, as well as Australia, New Zealand and most of northern Scotland.   Famous People with the Last Name GRANT Ulysses S. Grant -  U.S. general and commander of the Union armies; 18th U.S. presidentCary Grant - British-American film actorHugh Grant - British actorAmy Grant - American singer-songwriterAnne Grant - Scottish poetJedediah Morgan Grant - leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day SaintsNatalie Grant - American singer-songwriter Genealogy Resources for the Surname GRANT Clan GrantExplore a wealth of resources made available by Clan Grant, including history, genealogy, gatherings, membership and more. Grant DNA ProjectJoin over 400 individuals with the Grant surname who are interested in combining Y-DNA testing with genealogical research to help identify various Grant genetic lines and ancestries. Trace your Scottish roots back to Scotland and beyond with the steps outlined in this Scottish genealogy guide. Learn how to locate your ancestors county and/or parish in Scotland, plus access vital records, census records and parish records in Scotland. Grant Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Grant family crest or coat of arms for the Grant surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. FamilySearch - GRANT GenealogyExplore over 2.9 million historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Grant surname and its variations on the free FamilySearch website, hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. GRANT Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts a free mailing lists for researchers of the Grant surname. DistantCousin.com - GRANT Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Grant. The Grant Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the popular last name Grant from the website of Genealogy Today.- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.    Back to  Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Business report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business report - Essay Example Amazingly, even if the processing industries die out, packaging will not follow the same suit because there are products which need packaging in their raw state. This aspect sets a clear detachment of packaging from the manufacturing. Manufacturing only accentuates the packaging industry operations. Packaging is itself a wide and complex industry. It takes different forms. This is because products to be packaged are different. For this reason, you find that the industry is as diverse as the products to be packaged. Liquids cannot be packaged the same way solids like biscuits are packaged. The magnitude of the product to be packaged is also considered when it comes to packaging. As the cost of packaging trickles down to the cost of producing the entire product, then size is a key feature which if ignored it would result to unknown costing mistakes. This report presents a detailed business report on a plastic bottle manufacture. Bottling is a giant industry. Basically, many liquid proc essors have often opted for bottling to package their output. The convenience which comes with bottling lacks an equivalent. Plastic bottling is accommodative to many forms of liquids and hence many manufacturers result to it. Any investor who wants to invest in the most dynamic industry then needs to embrace plastic bottle packaging industry. It is a sector where the rate of return is high and risks involved are minimal. Actually it is the only industry which violates the principles of investment of the higher the risk the higher the profit. The report analyses possibility of entrance into the market. It gives details of the market analysis and its interpretations. All costs involved have been analyzed. These costs include the Fixed and variable costs. Budgeting is a key element in the financial management of any organization and this report includes a budgetary estimate which comes with production of these plastic bottles. The stocking aspects have been taken into account also to ensure that the best policy is adopted in the implementation of plastic bottles production. Production of these bottles call for technical inputs. This report presents a link between the manufacturing principles and how the actual production is carried out. Some of the aspects captured in this report are the jobbing, designs and how quality and continuous improvement are sustained. In addition, there is some focus in to the way models are produced and justified for use in the final product production. It is a report which upon the implementation of the recommendations suggested bottling will be turned into a multibillion making industry. Bottling is added value by inclusion of the modern technology in the production. The world is going green and the bottling industry has to follow the suit. For this course, the production will concentrate on production of biodegradable plastic. This implies that there has to be specialties in the making of the bottles and it is these specialties tha t are making these bottles unique from what has been there previously in the market. Market Analysis for the