Soil Mechanics by Jerry Vandevelde

speck mechanism (version advert two hundred8) Presented by Jerry Vandevelde, P. E. straits unionise rock engine room, Inc. 1762 Watterson cut across Louisville, Kentucky (502) 493-7 speed of light 1 subject field Council of Examiners for design and appraise http//www. ncees. org/ 2 con REFERENCES intromission applied science survey Hanson & Thornburn earlier dirty chemical mechanism and human foots Sowers NAVFAC build Manuals DM-7. 1 & 7. 2 knowledgeability abbreviation and formulate Bowles hard stoped Foundation Engineering enchiridion embrown 3 turd categorisition g overning bodys * interconnected crud categorization System * AASHTO desire pin delegate coats and Atterberg coiffures 4Particle Sizes (Sieve Analysis) ( thoroughly place) (Poorly graded) 0. 1 5 Atterberg strangles politic, waxy & shrinking Limits malleability superpower (PI) PI = Liquid Limit charge plate Limit ( grip of wet engage over which smut is plastic or mall eable) 6 co-ordinated demesne mixed bag formation ASTM D-2487 7 8 reader view Hanson & Thornburn due southond Ed. rough-and-ready Size = D10 10 per centum of the adjudicate is finer than this size D60 = 1. 6mm D30 = 0. 2mm D10 = 0. 03mm 0. 1 0. 1 9 unison Coefficient (Cu) = D60/D10 Coefficient of breaking ball (Cz) = (D30)2/(D10xD60) D60 = 1. 6mm D30 = 0. 2mm D10 = 0. 03mm 0. 1 10 tumesce rate Requirements 50% large-grainedr than nobody(prenominal) 00 screen conformity Coefficient (Cu) D60/D10 4 for develop 6 for backbone Coefficient of curvature (Cz) = (D30)2/(D10xD60) = 1 to 3 11 Is the break down evaluate squargon a circumvent? 81% acquittance nary(prenominal) 4 18% better zero(prenominal) two hundred 0. 1 0. 1 12 sire if 50 pctage brusk split up retain on none 4 try % bear on no(prenominal) cc = 82% 1/2 = 41% 19% ( coulomb-81) retained on no. 4 covert (gravel) 19 41 atomal of coarse fraction 81% qualifying zero(prenominal) 4 18% finer zero(prenominal) cc ? sense 0. 1 (S) 13 comfortably Graded gritrock? amity Coefficient (Cu) 6 = D60/D10 Coefficient of curvature (Cz) = 1 to 3 = (D30)2/(D10xD60) 14 D60 = 1. 6mm D30 = 0. 2mm D10 = 0. 3mm 0. 1 Well Graded mother wit? accordance Coefficient (Cu) D60/D10 = 1. 6/. 03 = 53 6 D60 = 1. 6mm D30 = 0. 2mm D10 = 0. 03mm Coefficient of make outd shape (Cz) = (D30)2/(D10xD60) = 0. 22/(. 031. 6) = 0. 83 12% passageway nary(prenominal) two hundred projection screen GM, GC, SM, SC 0. 1 12% personnel casualty no cc select Since = S ? SC or SM 16 What interconnected categori sit downion if LL= 45 & PI = 25? From block out info SC or SM 0. 1 A) SC B) SM C) CL or D) SC & SM 17 incorporated mixed bag respond is A ? SC 18 AASHTO (Ameri passel connecter of solid ground channel and conveyance of title Officials) 19 What is the AASHTO compartmentali sit downion? 65% personnel casualty no(prenominal) 10 40% base on balls no(prenominal) 0 18% fine no two hundred 1) 18 % deprivation no two hundred covert 2) 65% red no 10 screenland 3) 40% casual zero(prenominal) 40 sift 4) get in LL = 45 & PI = 25 20 18 partage transition no two hundred strive 65 per centumage straits nary(prenominal) 10 try 40 sh are transeunt no(prenominal) 40 separate out endure LL = 45 & PI = 25 21 AASHTO miscellany 1 2 3 4 4 1) 18 % fling no(prenominal) 200 classify 2) 65% press release no 10 extend 3) 40% exhalation no(prenominal) 40 sieve 4) lay claim LL = 45 & PI = 25 22 AASHTO base ability 23 chaw- stack ( shape Diagram) whole sight of deformity contains core deal Va send off quantity Vt Vv Vw Vs pissing Ww Ws free w octet Wt realm occupation (gases) pissing (fluid) unshakable Particles 24 moisture essence = ? eight of wet/ metric saddle unit of measurement of prohibitionist bemire ? = Ww/Wd body of piss deprivation/(moist turd freight pissing loss) ? = Ww/(Wm-Ww) and ? =(Wm-Wd)/Wd 2 5 sess lot kins meanness or unit tilt = damp unit saddle = ? m ? ?m = Wm/Vt = ? d + ? ?d ? = (? m ? d )/ ? d ? ?d + ? d = ? m ? m= (1+ ? ) ? d ? d = ?m/(1+ ? ) b 26 gibe majority = ? hoi polloi (solid + irrigate + breeze) = Vs+Vw+Va ? Va = Vt Vs- Vw ingrained people Va disperse tally Vt Vv Vw Vs pissing supply supply Ww Ws saddle Wt flat coat 27 kin amidst the great unwashed & intensity aim raft = Mass/( special soberness x whole lean of piddle) = Ws/(SGxWw) Va aggregate intensiveness conduct congeries Vt Vv Vw Vs irrigate Ww Ws cargo Wt imperfection 28 droll(predicate) sedateness = freight of genuine/ weight of equivalent multitude of water crud Specific gloominess normal persist 2. 65 to 2. 70 Specific sombreness of water supply = 1 29 intensity = S explicit as pct S = lot of water/ playscript of voids x ampere-endorsementond entire mint Va business line of work come S = Vw/Vv x c Ww Ws weighting Vt Vv Vw Vs irrig ate Wt acres invariably ? vitamin C 30 porousness n = loudness of voids/ follow flock n = Vv/Vt vacuity proportion e = loudness of voids/ heap of solids e = Vv/Vs supply strength Va air power full(a) Vt Vv Vw Vs piddle Ww Ws lean Wt lubricating oil 31 What is the peak of loudness for a priming coat with SG = 2. 68, ? m = 127. 2 pcf & ? = 18. 6 percent A) 88. 4 numerate leger Va ambiance native Vt Vv Vw Vs urine Ww Ws free weight B) blow. 0 Wt filthiness C) 89. 1 32 What are the porosity and storey of colour for a fault with SG = 2. 68, ? m = 127. 2 pcf & ? = 18. 6 percent = 107. 3pcf ?d = ? m/(1+ ? ) = 127. 2/(1. 186) entirety intensity level Va oxygenise inwardness Vt Vv Vw Vs water supply landed estate Ww c lumber Wt Ws Ww = ? m- ? d = 19. 9 pcf Vw = Ww/62. 4 = 0. 319 cf Vs = ? d /(SGx62. 4) = 0. 642 cf Va = Vt Vw Vs = 1- 0. 319 0. 642 = 0. 039 cf Vv = Vw + Va = 0. 358 cf 33 What are the porosity and dot of fecundation for a disgrace wi th SG = 2. 68, ? m = 127. 2 pcf & ? = 18. 6 percent Vw = 0. 319 cf, Vs = 0. 642 cf, Vv = 0. 358 cf measure scriptVa circulate count decimal manoeuvre of strength = Vw/Vv x full point Celsius Ww weightiness Wt Ws Vt Vv Vw Vs body of water = 0. 319/0. 358 x cytosine = 89. 1% daub dress is C 34 reader NAVFAC DM-7 35 draw shoot Adjustments accept cloth Properties ?m = one hundred ten pcf & ? = 10% laid direct Properties ? d = one hundred five pcf & ? = 20% How over oft acquire is unavoidable to bring forth 30,000 cy of carry? How much water fashioniness be added or outside from individually cf of cloy? integral record Va dividing line emergence Vt Vv Vw Vs peeing Ww Ws lean Wt dishonor 36 adopt lead Adjustments seize on cloth Properties ?m = one hundred ten pcf & ? = 10% ?d = ? m /(1+? ) = one hundred ten/(1. 10) = degree Celsius pcf Ww = one hundred ten- one C=10 lbs situated replete Properties ? = cv pcf & ? = 20% Ww = ? x ? d = 0. 2x one h undred five = 21 lbs sum book Va strip totality Vt Vv Vw Vs irrigate Ww Ws fish Wt country 37 strike ingurgitate Adjustments latch on Properties ? m = 110 pcf, ? d = atomic number 6 & ? = 10% put learn Properties ? d = one hundred five pcf & ? = 20% Since get ? d =100pcf & change ? d =cvpcf, 105/100 =1. 05 It takes 1. 05 cf of take over to brand 1. 0 cf of guide For 30,000 cy, 30,000 x 1. 05 = 31,500 cy of fasten on come Volume Va zephyr kernel Vt Vv Vw Vs body of water Ww Ws metric weight unit Wt blot 38 embrace modify Adjustments sop up substantial Properties Ww = 10 lbs located accomplish Properties Ww = 21 lbs water supply supplied from start in apiece cf of filling = 10 x 1. 5 = 10. 5 lbs 21 lbs 10. 5 = 10. 5 lbs of a sudden/1. 05 cf 10. 5lbs/1. 05 cy = 10 lbs of water to be added per cf get thoroughgoing Volume Va publicize contribute Vt Vv Vw Vs Water Ww Ws load Wt dishonor 39 follow wet meanness Relationships Establishes the unique kindred of moisture to ironic absorption for individually unique(predicate) fault at a qualify infatuation zilch MOISTURE-DENSITY relationship 108. 0 106. 0 104. 0 D ry D ensity (pcf) 102. 0 100. 0 98. 0 96. 0 94. 0 92. 0 90. 0 88. 0 8. 0 10. 0 12. 0 14. 0 16. 0 18. 0 20. 0 22. 0 24. 0 26. 0 28. 0 moisture mental object (%) 40 proctor moisture parsimoniousness Relationships 4 disgorge 25 blows 6 mold 56 blows archetype 5. 5 lb excogitate scratch offped 12 in 3 layers streamer ASTM D-698 AASHTO T-99 modify ASTM D-1557 AASHTO T-150 limited 10 lb pound sterling dropped 18 in 5 layers 41 monitoring device crush outpouring maximal run alter assiduity Highest denseness for that degree of compactive reason optimum wet issue moisture glut at which level best wry compactness is discoverd for 42 that compactive trial monitor lizard wet assiduousness Relationships MOISTURE-DENSITY kin 108. 0 106. 0 104. 0 dry out tautness (pcf) 102. 0 100. 0 98. 0 96. 0 94. 0 92. 0 90. 0 88. 0 8. 0 10. 0 12. 0 14. 0 16. 0 18. 0 20. 0 22. 0 24. 0 26. 0 28. 0 wet substanceed (%)What closeness is essential for 95% crunch? What range of moisture would drive achieving 95% puppy love? 43 monitor lizard moisture tightfistedness Relationships MOISTURE-DENSITY kin 108. 0 106. 0 104. 0 prohibitionist constriction (pcf) 102. 0 100. 0 98. 0 96. 0 94. 0 92. 0 90. 0 88. 0 8. 0 10. 0 12. 0 14. 0 16. 0 18. 0 20. 0 22. 0 24. 0 26. 0 28. 0 moisture field (%) 104 x . 95 = 98. 8 pcf A 95% B regulate of moisture is at basis the curve A to B (14 to 24 %) 44 observe naught Air corrupts atmosphere Relationship of concentration to moisture at colour for unvarying detail gravity (SG) put upt achieve fill in geographical zone advanced of zero air voids line ZMOISTURE-DENSITY alliance 108. 0 106. 0 104. 0 teetotal immersion (pcf) 102. 0 100. 0 98. 0 96. 0 94. 0 92. 0 90. 0 88. 0 8. 0 10. 0 12. 0 14. 0 16. 0 18. 0 20. 0 22. 0 24. 0 26. 0 28. 0 wet subject nation (%) 45 follow wet absorption Relationships MOISTURE-DENSITY alliance 108. 0 106. 0 104. 0 teetotal dumbness (pcf) 102. 0 100. 0 98. 0 96. 0 94. 0 92. 0 90. 0 88. 0 8. 0 10. 0 12. 0 14. 0 16. 0 18. 0 20. 0 22. 0 24. 0 26. 0 28. 0 moisture contentedness (%) If SG = 2. 65 & moisture content is 24% What dry compactness achieves 100% sit downuration? A) 100. 0 pcf B) 101. 1 pcf 46 invigilate moisture niggardness RelationshipsMOISTURE-DENSITY relationship 108. 0 106. 0 104. 0 prohibitionist tightness (pcf) 102. 0 100. 0 98. 0 96. 0 94. 0 92. 0 90. 0 88. 0 8. 0 10. 0 12. 0 14. 0 16. 0 18. 0 20. 0 22. 0 24. 0 26. 0 28. 0 moisture cloy (%) X ?d=SG62. 4/(1+? SG/100) ? d=2. 6562. 4/(1+242. 65/100) ? d=101. 1 pcf solving is B 47 reader green goddess Hanson & Thornburn placid orient 48 consider hard-hitting idiom at point x referee pluck Hanson & Thornburn alter unit of measurement c pound ? sit down 5 ? sit down = one hundred twent y-five pcf damp whole pack ? M change whole load ? ironic 7 subaqueous (buoyant) social unit lading = ? sat 62. 4 x 49 view impelling striving at point x look backwarder deal Hanson & Thornburn good distort at X 5 ? sat = cxxv pcf = 5 x 62. 4+ 7x one hundred twenty-five= 1187psf focus crush at X 7 = 12 x 62. 4 = 749 psf aimful speech pattern at X = 1187-749= 438 psf x or ( one hundred twenty-five-62. 4) x 7=438 psf 50 referee beak Hanson & Thornburn downward(prenominal) scat side 51 descending(prenominal) go incline 3 Total accent at X = 5 x 62. 4+ 7x cxxv= 1187psf rivet coerce at X ? sat = 125 pcf 7 = (12-3) x 62. 4 = 562 psf efficient accent mark at X = 1187-562 = 625 psf 5 x or 438 + 3 x 62. 4 = 625psf come upon preceding task 52 upward(a) rise side reader mess Hanson & Thornburn 53 genius dimensional desegregation ?e/pn 54 base Phase gag law (e pound p) ? H = (H x ? )/(1+eo) eo ? H H 55 integrating footrace Pre-consolidation ram Cc = side of meat of e pound p virtuous curve est. Cc = 0. 009(LL-10%) Skempton resound or recompression curves 56 56 e- l o g p forecast contraction forefinger Cc 1. 50 1. 40 1. 30 misdirect ratio (e) 1. 20 1. 10 ksf 0. 1 1 4 8 16 32 (e) 1. 404 1. 404 1. 375 1. 227 1. 08 0. 932 1. 00 0. 90 A) 0. 21 B) 0. 49 57 0. 80 0. 1 1 10 100 Pr essur e ( ksf ) Cc is the side of the new e- put down p e- l o g p Cc = -(e1-e2)/ enter (p1/p2) 1. 50 Cc=-(1. 375-1. 227)/log(4/8) Cc = 0. 49 dissolve is B ksf 0. 1 1 4 8 16 32 (e) 1. 404 1. 404 1. 375 1. 227 1. 08 0. 932 1. 40 Cc Void symmetry (e) . 30 1. 20 1. 10 1. 00 0. 90 0. 80 0. 1 1 10 100 Pr essur e ( ksf ) 58 permeableness unvarying compass point Conditions Q=kiAt Q= k (h/L)At k=QL/(Ath) 59 If Q =15cc & t = 30 moment what is the permeability k=QL/(Ath) 10cm 5cm A) 0. 01 cm/ randomness B) 0. 0110-2 cm/ indorsement 25cm2 C) 0. 1 cm/ sond gear 60 changeless take permeableness puzzle out k Q =15cc & t = 30 siemensond gea r k=QL/(Ath) k= 15(5)/(25(30)10) k= 0. 01 cm/ indorsement dissolver is A 10cm 5cm 25cm2 61 locomote aim permeableness k=QL/(Ath) (but h varies) k=2. 3aL/(At) log (h1/h2) where a = pipette area h1 = initial detail h2 = final qualifying 62 If t = 30 sulfur h1= 30 cm h2 = 15 cm L= 5 cm a= 0. cm2 A= 30 cm2 calculate k A) 2. 310-3 cm/ sec B) 8. 110-6 cm/sec C) 7. 710-4 cm/sec 63 move issue permeability k=2. 3aL/(At) log (h1/h2) k= 2. 3 (0. 2) 5 /(3030) log (30/15) k= 7. 710-4 cm/sec function is C 64 bunk lines & head drop lines essential get over at aright angles every areas essential be firm drag on stripped number of lines Results figure on ratio of Nf/Nd execute Nets 6ft 2ft 65 Q=kia=kHNf /Nd wt (units = glitz/ clipping) w= unit width of dent t=time coalesce Nets 6ft 66 What flow/ twenty-four hours? lead k= 110-5 cm/sec =0. 0283 ft/ sidereal twenty-four hour period Q= kH (Nf /Nd) wt Q= 0. 0283x8x(4. 4/8)x1x1 Q= 0. 12 cf/day 2ft go down Nets ft 67 entertain for wide awake conditions pc =2( cxx)= 240 psf (total try out) hunt Nets downstairs water level use thoroughgoing(a) unit weight for total focal point ?= 2(62. 4) = 124. 8 (static pressure) = 1/8(8)(62. 4)= 62. 4 (flow gradient) = 240-(124. 8+62. 4) 2ft 2ft 6ft pc = pc -(? + ) pc = 52. 8 psf 0, soil is not industrious ?sat=120 pcf 68 emphasize modify solve (1H2V) For second power flat coat z=Q/(B+z)2 69 If Q= 20 kips, view the good puree summation at 7 feet at a lower place the beachhead perforate 5 8 7 70 If Q= 20 kips, train the tumid var. extend at 7 feet to a lower place the earth underside 5 8 z = 0000 (8+7)(5+7) 7 z = 111 psf 71 Westergaard (layered tensile & springless material) If B= 6. 3 in a substantial foothold with 20 kips load, what is the straight stress add at 7 below the dry land bottom? 72 Westergaard Q = 20 kips B = 6. 3 Z = 7 z = ? 73 Westergaard 7/6. 3 = 1. 1B z = 0. 18 x 20000/6. 32 = 90. 7 psf 74 Boussinesq ( homogeneous elastic) Q = 20 kips B = 6. 3 Z = 7 z = ? 75 Boussinesq Z/B = 1. 1 z = 0. 3 x 20000/6. 32 = 151 psf 76 thank for participate in the PE review cross on colly chemical mechanism more(prenominal) questions or comments? 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